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2015年中考北京物理试卷 真题+答案+解析

物理试题（含答案全解全析）1。多项选择问题（以下每个问题都有四个选项，其中只有一个符合该问题的含义。总共30分，每个问题2分）

1。在室温下干燥时，下面的餐具属于导体（）

A.塑料筷子B.陶瓷碗

C.不锈钢汤匙D.玻璃水果托盘

2。科学技术团队的学生发现，北京中有几种不同类型的电站，如图1所示。在以下电站的发电过程中，使用不可再生能源来产生电力IS（）

图1

3。汽车是常用的车辆。与汽车有关的正确陈述是（）

答：汽车轮胎上有模式以减少摩擦

B.汽车配备了消音器，以消除汽车产生的所有噪音。

C.负载汽车的车轮相对较宽，以增加负载汽车的道路表面的压力。

D.驾驶员在开车时必须佩戴安全带，主要是为了防止惯性造成的损害。

4。在图2所示的四个现象中，光的反射为（）

图2

5。在图3所示的四个物理变化中，属于液化的一个是（）

图3

6。在以下示例中，使用工作方法来改变对象的能量的方法是（）

答：用热水袋加热双手，手的温度会升高

B.将冰放入饮料中并降低饮料的温度

C.在炉子上开水，水的温度升高

D.用手反复弯曲电线，弯曲处的电线温度增加

7。以下的正确说明是（）

答：当米粉器正常工作时，内部能量将转换为电能。

B.当电风扇工作时，它会将机械能转换为电能。

C.当干电池向灯泡提供电源时，它会将电能转换为化学能。

D.暴露于阳光时，太阳能电池将太阳能转换为电能

8。估计在现实生活中广泛使用。下面实际数据最接近的是（）

答：鸡蛋的质量约为500 g

B.普通家庭房的门的高度通常大于3 m

C.教室中使用的普通荧光管的长度约为2 m

D.播放中华人民共和国国歌所需的时间约为50 s

9。在以下选项中，满足安全用电要求的选择是（）

A.用湿手拉动空气开关

B.当电线的绝缘损坏时，应及时更换。

C.在不断开电源开关的情况下更换灯泡

D.将电器的三针插头更改为两针插头以使用它

10。在图4所示的四种情况下，所使用的杠杆属于节省劳动力（）

图4

11。一般来说，关于厚度均匀的镍铬合金线的抗性，以下正确的陈述为（）

答：合金线的电阻与合金线的长度有关

B.合金线的电阻与合金线的横截面无关。

C.跨合金线的电压越大，合金线的电阻越小。

D.通过合金线的电流越小，合金线的电阻越大。

12.以下的正确说明是（）

A.凸透镜仅收敛并行光

B.反射的光和入射光不在同一平面

C.一束阳光可以通过棱镜分解为不同的色灯。

D.一个人离飞机镜子越远，人在飞机镜子中制作的图像越小

13。如果地球内部的一个大磁铁生成了虚构的地磁场，则在图5所示的四个示意图中，可以合理地描述了这种大磁铁是（）

图5

14。在中国科学技术博物馆的“勘探与发现大厅A”中，有一个有趣的磁性悬浮灯泡，其示意图如图6所示。在磁性悬浮灯泡中安装了一个永久磁铁，并且在灯泡上方的显示柜中安装了一个永久的磁体和一个激励线圈，以供应散发器，以供富有启发性。在调整控制电路下，永久磁体产生的磁场和激发线圈可以使灯泡在空气中倾斜。关于灯泡的应力，以下正确的陈述是（）

图6

答：灯泡接收的磁力方向垂直向下

B.灯泡接收的磁力方向是垂直向上向上的

C.灯泡接收的磁力小于灯泡收到的重力

D.灯泡接收的磁力大于灯泡收到的重力

15。如图7所示，将两个圆柱容器A和B放在水平桌上。一个容器包含液体A，块M浮动在液体A中，从M1块排出的液体M的质量为M1，并且液体A的压力在容器A的底部为P1； B容器B包含液体B，n块n浮子在液体B中，从块N块排出的液体N的质量为M2，并且液体B的压力向容器B的底部为P2。众所周知，容器A的底部面积大于容器B的底部区域，并且容器中的液体A和B的质量相等，并且M和N的块质量相等。以下的正确判断是（）

图7

A.P1P2 C.M1M2

2。多项选择问题（以下每个问题都有四个选择，其中一个以上的选项符合问题的含义。总共8点，每个问题的2分。选择所有正确选择的人将获得2分，那些选择正确但不完整的人将获得1分，而选择错误的选择的人将获得1分

16.以下的正确说明是（）

答：由于分子之间的排斥，固体很难压缩

B.在相同温度下水和酒精升高，水吸收更多的热量

C.使用手动烘干机吹出的热空气吹来新鲜洗手的手，这可以加快手上水的蒸发。

D.打开酒精瓶的瓶塞后，教室里渗透了酒精的气味，这表明酒精分子在不断移动。

17。以下的正确陈述是（）

答：如果苹果的速度在下降过程中提高并变得越来越大，那么苹果下的力是不平衡的。

B.将水桶从地面上抬起。铲斗上的手的力大于对手的力量。

C.木箱仍在地面上。木箱上的压力等于木箱的重力。

D.沙夫板离开手后，它在水平台表面缓慢滑动，这是因为沙夫板受到阻力的影响。

18。以下的正确陈述是（）

答：当核电站产生电力时，核能将转化为电力。

B.通电导体中的电流方向与自由电子在导体中移动的方向一致

C.交流发电机是电磁诱导现象的应用。当它正常工作时，它将电能转换为机械能。

D.将可以自由旋转的小磁针放在磁场中。当小磁针静止时，小磁针的N极指向的方向是P点的磁场的方向。

19。如图8所示，水平台的表面由相同的材料制成，粗糙度均匀。将其放置在质量M1的木制块上，并用质量M2的钩子穿过固定的皮带轮。木制块在平行于桌面的轻绳的拉绳的拉绳子下以均匀的线性运动移动。移动一段时间后，挂钩代码在接触地面后立即停止，木制块继续滑动距离并停在桌面上。绳索重量与车轮和轴之间的摩擦被忽略。以下内容的正确陈述是（）

图8

答：在木块的恒定速度下，木块的机械能变得越来越大。

B.在木块的持续速度下，木块和钩块施加的重力不起作用。

C.随着木制块在接触地面后继续滑动时，木块的动能变得越来越小。

D.当木制砌块在钩子接触地面后继续滑动时，木制块的摩擦力为m2g

3。填写空白（总共8分，每个问题的1分）

20。如果一束光束入射在平面镜上，则入射角为35度，反射角为度。

21.收音机，电视和手机使用波传输远程信息。

22.如果您长时间看手机或玩电子游戏，则很容易在您的眼中引起近视。要纠正近视，您应该戴镜头的眼镜。

23。汽油的热量为4.6107 J/kg。它的物理含义是汽油被完全燃烧，发出的热量为4.6107。

24。焊接铁的铭牌上标有“ 220 V 25 W”。它通常工作20 s并消耗电。

25。在国内外的北京著名的天堂中，有三座令人惊叹的声学建筑： Echo Wall，Tritone Stone和圆形土墩。如图9所示，当游客在圆形土丘顶部的黄铁蛋白石头上谈论时，他们听到的声音特别响亮。这是建筑师使用声音反射与原始声音混合并增强声音的声音效果。

图9

26。如果热气球充气后的体积为3,000平方米，则热气囊施加的浮力为N。（G为10 N/kg，空气密度为1.29 kg/m3）

27。图10是挖掘时从井中提起沙子和土壤的杆的示意图。杠杆AB可以在垂直平面中绕固定点O旋转。众所周知，ao：ob=3：2，悬挂在a末端的枪管和沙子的重力为200 n，悬浮在B端的配重的重力为80n。当杠杆AB处于水平位置时平衡时，垂直向下张力f施加到固定端的末端F下方的绳子末端。

图10

4。实验和探索问题（总计38分，问题28、29、33和36、32、34、34、35、37-39、4点问题30、31和40中的4分）

28。图11中所示的温度计数为。

图11

29。图12中所示的电阻框的数量为。

图12

30。为了测量特定液体的密度，小米采集了适当量的该液体样品，并进行了以下实验：

图13

（1）将平衡和测量缸放在台面上。将包含适当数量液体的烧杯放在调整后的平衡中，更改右板中的重量和游泳代码的位置，以便可以在水平位置重新平衡平衡光束。目前，图13a显示了重量质量和游泳代码在标尺上的位置，烧杯和杯子中的液体总质量为g。

（2）将一部分液体倒入烧杯中。如图13b所示，测量缸中液体的体积为cm3。然后使用平衡来测量烧杯的总质量，其余液体为106 g。

（3）基于上述实验数据将这种液体的密度计算为kg/m3。

31。小乌瓦使用电压，装修剂，滑动的变阻器，电线，开关和新电池来测量小灯泡L的额定功率，额定电压为2.5V。

图14

（1）Xiao Hua连接了图14A中所示的电路，关闭了开关S，并发现小灯泡L昏暗。观察电压表和电流表具有数量。滑动式静脉曲张的滑动P移动，电压表和电流仍未变化。这种现象的原因是。

（2）木乌阿纠正了实验误差后，他移动了滑动式静脉曲张的滑动p。当电压表达数为2.5 V时，他发现当前表达号如图14B所示。从此可以看出，通过小灯泡L的电流为a；小灯泡L的额定功率为W。

32。当小安（Xiao A）进行一个实验以探索凸镜的成像规则时，他将薄凸透镜固定在床垫上的50 cm尺度上的焦距为10 cm的薄凸透镜，将上烛光放置在床垫上的20厘米尺度上，将照明屏幕移动到65 cm的尺度上，并形成了蜡烛的尺度，并将其形成了清晰的图像，如图所示。

图15

请结合此实验以完成以下问题：

（1）可以通过图所示的实验现象来解释的成像特征。 15。（选项之前的信件）

A.相机B.幻灯片平面C.放大镜

（2）将镜头保持在50 cm尺度上。如果您想在灯屏上获得更大且清晰的图像，则应执行操作。 （选项之前的信件）

A.将蜡烛向左移动，左屏幕向左移动B.向左移动蜡烛，右屏幕向右移动

C.向右移动蜡烛，左屏幕向左移动D.向右移动蜡烛，右屏幕向右移动

（3）将镜头保持在50 cm刻度线路上。如果将点燃的蜡烛放在光安装上的80厘米尺度线上，请将灯屏放在灯架上的镜头的左侧。通过移动光屏，可以在灯罩上显示清晰的蜡烛火焰图像。 （选项之前的信件）

A.倒置倒立扩大B.倒倒立的倒塌C.直立的侧和扩大

33。小蓝色连接了图16中所示的电路，当时，用滑动式变量改变了灯泡的亮度。关闭开关S后，她发现灯泡L没有点亮。她从右端到左端滑动滑动p的滑动P，然后向右端滑动，灯泡L从未发光。为了解决电路故障，Xiaoying使用了一个03 V范围的电压表进行检查和判断。她将电压表的负末端连接到端子，而电压表的正末端依次将其正向连接到其他端子。相应的电压表示编号如下表所示。

图16

基于上述信息，可以判断该段电路必须有故障。

34。有两个不同品牌的热水瓶杯。为了比较这两个品牌的热水瓶供水时的绝缘效应，小明根据科学询问，选择了适当的设备并在控制变量的前提下根据室内进行了实验，阐明了特定的查询问题。获得了有关热水瓶A和B中水温度一段时间的实验数据。根据数据绘制的图像如图17所示。请根据图像：提供的信息回答以下问题

图17

（1）小敏探索的问题的自变量是。 （选项之前的信件）

A.热杯的品牌B.水冷却时间C.水的温度

（2）请比较两个热水瓶A和B :的绝缘效果。（选项之前的字母）

答：热水瓶杯的恒温效果很好

B. B的恒温效果很好

C.两个热水瓶A和B的绝缘效果同样好

（3）请在实验的第5小时内估算：的室温。

35。小米使用铝制块，细线，测量气缸和适当量的水来测量不规则形状的小蜡块的密度。图18所示的四个图是小米正确测量过程的示意图。在图中，V0，V1，V2和V3分别是与测量缸中水面相对应的数字。众所周知，水的密度为水。使用在图和水中测量的物理量来计算小蜡块的密度，并写出小蜡块密度的：蜡=。

图18

36。当xiaoyang探索电压u和电流i之间的电压之间的关系时，他获得了下表中显示的实验数据。请根据表：U=的数据总结u和i之间的关系。

37。如图19所示，实验表上有两个完全相同的瓶。烧瓶含有相等质量和相同初始温度和相同温度计的煤油。烧瓶还包含电阻R1，电阻值为10，电阻线R2的电阻值为5。还有一个符合实验要求的电源，电阻盒和开关，一个电流表和停止计，以及一些满足实验要求的导体。小氧蛋白使用上述实验设备证明“电阻通过电阻产生的热量与电阻值有关。”小毒素的主要实验过程如下：

图19

将电阻框，电流表和设备A电路组件串联到电路中，并将电阻框的电阻值调整为5。

关闭开关，按停止计，并同时启动时间安排，并且记录对电流表的数量为0.3A。当电动机时间为2分钟时，停止时间安排，记录此时间40温度计的显示次数，然后关闭开关。

电路中的设备A带有图19中显示的设备B，并将电阻框的电阻值调整为10。关闭开关，按停止计，然后开始计时。观察当前的表示仍为0.3 A.当温度计在40显示时，停止正时，读出5分钟的电动时间，记录数据并关闭开关。

因此，Shin-chan认为“电阻通过电阻产生的热量与电阻值有关。”

请根据上述说明回答以下问题：

（1）Xiaoxin实验中存在的问题：

（2）请写下对小毒素：实验中存在的问题的改进措施

　。

38.学校组织了学生参观中国科学技术博物馆，学生们看到了一个非常有趣的实验“对象滚动？”在“探索与发现大厅A”中。在实验过程中，双锥体被轻轻地放在倾斜轨道的最低端，并看到双锥从固定式滚动到轨道的高度。实验引起了学生的讨论。 Xiaojun认为“双锥滚动”是真的，但是看到是真的。小刀认为“双锥滚动”是一种幻想，并且双锥不能自动从低至高移动。为了证明他们各自的观点，小小的和小山取了两条木条，将它们放在水平桌子上，抬起木条的左端，制作了倾斜的轨道，并将双锥放在轨道的右端。如图20a所示，在休息后释放后，双锥向轨道的高度滚动，双锥终于在轨道的左端停止，如图20b所示。该实验成功地复制了科学技术博物馆中看到的现象。

图20

请根据图20a和b中所示的实验选择适当的设备，并通过测量确定Xiaojun或Xiaole的观点是正确的。写下您的测量方法，并简要解释。

39。当Kobayashi进行“碘升华”实验时，他使用酒精灯直接用少量的固体碘加热碘升华管，如图21所示。发现紫色碘蒸气出现在碘升华管中。 Kobayashi认为碘从固体变为气态状态，这是一种升华现象。小港查找了信息，发现在正常压力为：时，碘的熔点为113.60，碘的沸点为184.25，而酒精灯火焰的温度约为400。基于这些数据，小港认为，在小小的实验中，碘可能已经经历了从固体变为液态变为气态的变化过程，小小的实验无法得出结论碘升华的结论。

图21

请设计一个实验，以证明碘可以直接从固体变为气态状态。上述设备可以使用或补充必要的辅助设备。写出实验计划并简要解释。

40。有一个带有横杆，刻度，弹簧测功机和一根薄绳的铁架表。还有一盒挂钩代码和两个不同质量的皮带轮。皮带轮和轴之间的摩擦非常小，可以忽略。请使用上述实验设备来证明：移动皮带轮的机械效率与受移动皮带轮影响的重力有关。

（1）写下实验步骤；

（2）绘制实验数据记录形式。

5。流行的科学阅读问题（总计8分，41个问题3分，42个问题3分，43个问题2分）

（i）阅读《可探究的科学问题》，回答41个问题。

可探索的科学问题

日常生活和自然现象中有许多现象会导致我们有疑问。如果我们提出问题，我们将出现问题，但可能不是科学问题。诸如个人爱好，道德判断和价值选择之类的问题不是科学问题。例如，“哪种品牌运动鞋更好？” “为了减少污染和交通拥堵，是否应限制汽车的使用？”不是科学问题。

一个科学问题是指可以通过收集数据来回答的问题。例如，“哪一种，纯水或盐水会更快地冷冻？”是一个科学问题，因为您可以通过实验收集信息并回答。

并非每个科学问题都可以探讨。当问题太普遍或太模糊时，很难进行科学研究，例如“影响气球粘在墙上的是什么？”一般而言，可以探索的科学问题描述了两个或多个变量之间的关系，其中变量必须是可测试的。也就是说，可以观察或测量可以探讨的科学问题中的因变量和自变量。例如，“增加气球和头发之间的摩擦数量会改变气球粘在墙上的效果吗？”在这个问题中，气球和头发之间的摩擦数是自变量，气球粘在墙上的效果是因变量。我们可以通过更改自变量来测试因变量如何变化。

可以研究的一个科学问题可以具有不同的陈述方式，并且有三种常见的陈述方式。方法1 :某个变量会影响另一个变量吗？例如，导体的长度会影响导体的电阻吗？方法2 :如果更改某个变量，另一个变量将如何更改？例如，如果导体之间的电压增加，导体的电流会增加吗？方法3 :与另一个变量有关吗？例如，电流与电压有关吗？

科学询问的过程围绕着可疑问题。正是由于询问科学问题，调查过程可以明确。

41。请根据上述材料回答以下问题：

（1）在以下问题中，可以探讨的科学问题是。 （选项之前的信件）

答：哪种音乐更好？

B.当导体的电压变化时，导体的电阻会改变吗？

C.水温度越高，水蒸发越快？

D.浮力的大小是否与物体的密度相关？

E.是否应该鼓励公民乘坐公共交通工具旅行？

（2）请提出一个科学问题，可以根据“两个学生在海滩上行走，一个学生的足迹很深，另一个学生的足迹很浅”的现象。

（ii）阅读《探海神器——“蛟龙”号》，回答问题42和43。

海洋探索工件——“ jiaolong”

2012年6月24日是美好的一天！拥有7-020米深水潜水的载人潜水的新记录诞生了。九州九航天器和天甘-1成功地集合并连接。北野和神柔恩表示祝福，并在大海和天空上进行了对话，意识到了一个伟大的梦想：“可以去九个天堂拥抱月亮，然后去五个海洋捕捉乌龟”！

目前，北龙具有在99.8的世界海洋中进行科学研究和资源探索的能力。图22显示了“ jiaolong”的形状和外观，表中显示了一些参数。

图22

这一深度潜水记录的创造反映了Jiaolong高端技术的创新和突破。

新技术突破——高速水声通信技术

在海水中传播的电磁波的距离非常有限，普通的水传播具有严重的缺陷，例如长时间延迟和在复杂环境中有效提取信号的困难。 “ jiaolong”将数千米穿透到深海。如何实现实时沟通是一个重要的问题。中国科学院已经开发了一种高速氢声通信技术，世界高级级别的——使用通信声纳用于水下通信和通信，这已经成功解决了这个问题。通信声纳由传输基础阵列和一个接收底座阵列组成，基本阵列由换能器的原始序列组成。传感器通常由压电陶瓷材料制成，它们可以将发射器产生的电信号转换为声音信号，或将接收器接收到的声信号转换为电信号。这次，“ jiaolong”和“ shenjiu”成功实现了整个海洋和天空的对话，高速水声通信技术贡献了不可磨灭的。

新技术突破2——大容量油充电银锌电池

Jiaolong配备了由我的国家独立开发的大容量油充电的银锌电池，并存储了超过110千瓦时的电力。电池的电源存储容量是美国类似潜水电池的两倍。它成功地解决了长时间在水下工作的难度，但没有携带太重的电池。

新技术突破三个——悬停定位和自动导航

由于海水区域和深度的海水密度不同，水中的jiaolong收到的浮力各不相同。根据潜艇的说法，“在这个7,000米级海测试的测试区域中，根据测量，海面上的海水的密度为每立方米1,021公斤，而在7,000米深度的海水密度为7,000米的海水密度已获得1,059千万千万米的重量。仪表大约比海面上的仪表大约800公斤。” （kg力是工程中常用的力单位，1千克力量约为10 kon）。

浮力的变化取决于压载铁的平衡。所谓的“小铁”是铁块，增加了“ jiaolong”的重量。 “ Jiaolong”海上试验团队使用仔细的数学模型来准确计算基于参数（例如在不同海面测量的海水温度，盐度和深度）潜水所需的“球铁”的重量。

jiaolong悬挂了所需的压载铁并将水倒入潜水中。当潜水达到预定的深度时，jiaolong可以克服内部和外部干扰，例如其自身的摇摆和海底电流。通过及时投掷一定数量的压载铁，它可以使用相关技术悬停。此外，“ jiaolong”还具有三个主要功能：自动方向，固定高度和固定深度，并且可以在复杂的环境中自动导航。在已发表的新闻中，没有外国深座具有类似的功能。工作完成后，潜艇扔掉了适当数量的压载铁以实现浮动。可以看出，无论是潜水，盘旋还是漂浮，压载铁的效果都是巨大的。

“我希望中国的载人深海潜水成就能够取得成功！我希望我们的祖国繁荣！” “沉九”宇航员吉·海平（Jing Haipeng）祝贺太空中的“ jiaolong”，表达了所有中国人的声音！

42。（1）传感器可以实现信号之间的相互转换。

（2）潜艇的潜水深度通常为几百米，而“ jiaolong”潜水深度通常为几千米。 “ jaolong”必须通过扔镇压铁来漂浮在深海中，而不是使用海底的排水方法。请写下可能的原因和您的原因：

　。

43。请估计“ jiaolong”的大小，并写下估计过程。

6。计算问题（总共8分，每个问题中的4分）

44。实验表上有一个电气设备，该设备由两个并联的固定值电阻R1和R2组成，并包含在透明的有机玻璃壳中，如图23A所示。 A和B是设备的两个裸露端子。电阻R1的电阻值为20，电阻R2的额定电压为6V。科学技术组的学生测量了整个设备上电流I和电压U的值，并将其绘制成图像，如图23B所示。询问：

（1）电阻R2的电阻值；

（2）电阻R2的额定电力。

图23

45. Use the pulley set as shown in Figure 24 to lift object A. In the process of lifting object A vertically at a constant speed, the tension F of the vertical downward position of the winch is 400 N, the rising speed vA of the object A is 0.1 m/s, and the mechanical efficiency of the pulley set is 90%, regardless of the weight of the rope and the friction between the pulley and the shaft.询问：

（1）张力F完成的工作P；

（2）重力ga受对象a的影响；

（3）移动皮带轮的重力G运动。

图24

答案全解全析：1.C塑料，陶瓷和玻璃是绝缘子；不锈钢是导体。因此，应该选择这个问题作为C。

分析：这个问题测试了生活中常见的导体和绝缘体，并且测试问题不那么困难。记住生活中常见的导体和绝缘子。

2.风能，水力发电和太阳能是可再生能源；气体是一种不可再生的能量。您应该在这个问题中选择一个。

3.d汽车轮胎刻有增加接触表面粗糙度并增加摩擦的模式；消音器只能降低噪音，不能完全消除噪音。负载汽车的车轮更宽，以增加与道路表面的接触区域，并降低道路表面的压力；安全带被绑定，以防止紧急制动期间惯性造成的损害。因此，应该选择此问题。

4.B手阴影是由光线的线性传播形成的；反射是光的反射现象；放大放大镜的文本是光的折射现象。笔是“折断”是光的折射现象。因此，应该选择这个问题为B。

5.b冰向水转化是一种熔化现象。露滴的形成是一种液化现象。霜的形成是一种冷凝现象。 rime的形成是一种冷凝现象。因此，应该选择这个问题为B。

6.d三项A，B和C都通过传热来改变物体的内部能量；用手反复弯曲铁线，弯曲处的铁线的温度增加，这会通过工作改变对象的内部能量，因此应选择此问题。

7.D当米粉器正常工作时，电能会转化为内部能量；当电风扇正常工作时，电能主要转化为机械能。当干电池向灯提供电源时，化学能将转换为电能。当阳光暴露时，太阳能电池会将太阳能转换为电能。因此，应该选择此问题。

8.d鸡蛋的质量约为50 g;普通家庭房的门的高度通常小于3 m，约2 m；教室中使用的普通荧光管的长度约为1 m；播放中华人民共和国国歌所需的时间约为50 s。因此，只有选项D与现实一致。

9.B.用湿手转动空气开关，在不断开电源开关的情况下更换灯泡，然后将电气设备的三针插头更改为两台插头插头。这三种方法不符合安全用电的原理。当电线的绝缘损坏时，应及时更换它以避免泄漏。这是正确的。因此，应该选择这个问题为B。

10.C筷子，钓鱼竿和古老的撞击工具都是劳动密集型的杠杆作用，而Claw锤子是避免劳动力的杠杆。因此，应该选择这个问题作为C。

评论：这个问题测试了日常必需品的分析。关键是要判断电力组与电阻臂之间的关系。

11.导体的电阻与导体的材料，长度，横截面区域和温度有关，并且与通过导体的电压和电流无关。因此，a是正确的，b，c和d是不正确的，因此应选择此问题。

12.C凸透镜对任何光有收敛效应，A是错误的；反射的光和入射光在同一平面，b是错误的。一束阳光可以通过棱镜将阳光分解为不同的颜色光，这是光的分散现象，C是正确的。根据平面镜的成像特性，平面镜形成的图像很大，对象d是错误的。因此，应该选择这个问题作为C。

13.B地磁田的北极在地理南极附近，而地磁田的南极在地理北极附近。标题图中只有B图与现实一致，因此应选择B。

14.b从这个问题中，我们可以看到永久磁铁和激发线圈使灯泡静止在空中。灯泡受到平衡力。平衡力的两个力在大小上等于方向。因此，灯泡接收的磁力的大小等于灯泡接收的重力力，灯泡接收的磁力在垂直上向上。

15. a容器底部下方的压力等于液体的重力和块的重力。由于液体A和B的质量相等，并且块M和N的质量相等，因此F A=F B;而且因为S A S B，我们可以从p=p1中看到

16. ACD固体很难压缩，因为分子之间存在排斥力。 A是正确的。根据Q吸收式=CMT，可以看出，当物体上升到相同温度时，被物体吸收的热量不仅与物质类型有关，而且与物体的质量有关，因此B是错误的。 b用干燥机吹出的热空气将新洗手的手吹出，不仅可以提高水的温度，而且还可以加快水的速度。

上方的空气流动,所以可以加快手上水的蒸发,C正确;教室里弥漫着酒精味属于扩散现象,这说明酒精分子不停地运动,D正确。故本题应选A、C、D。
17.AD　苹果下落的速度越来越大,说明运动状态一直在变,则苹果受力一定是不平衡的,所以A正确;将水桶从地面上提起来,手对水桶的作用力和水桶对手的作用力是一对相互作用力,大小一定相等,所以B错;木箱静止在地面上,地面并不一定水平,另外木箱在竖直方向上还可能受别的外力,所以木箱对地面的压力不一定等于木箱所受的重力,所以C错;沙狐球离开手后,在水平台面上滑行越来越慢,是由于沙狐球受到与运动方向相反的阻力作用,所以D正确。故本题应选A、D。
18.AD　核电站发电时将核能转化为电能,A正确;通电铜导线中的电流方向与该导线中自由电子定向移动的方向相反,B错;交流发电机是电磁感应现象的应用,正常工作时将机械能转化为电能,C错;自由转动的小磁针在磁场中静止时N极的指向就是该点磁场的方向,D正确。
19.CD　木块在匀速运动过程中,速度及高度均不变,故动能和势能不变,所以木块的机械能也不变,A错;木块匀速运动的过程中,钩码运动方向竖直向下,钩码所受的重力做功,故B错;钩码触地后木块由运动到静止的过程中,速度变小,动能减小,C正确;因为木块在钩码的拉动下在台面上做匀速直线运动,所以所受摩擦力f=m2g,因木块对台面的压力和接触面的粗糙程度均不变,故钩码触地后木块继续滑动的过程中,木块所受摩擦力大小不变,所以D正确。故本题应选C、D。
20.答案　35
解析　反射角等于入射角。
21.答案　电磁
解析　本题考查电磁波的应用,收音机、电视机、手机都是利用电磁波进行远程信息传递的。
22.答案　凹
解析　近视眼要利用凹透镜对光线的发散作用来矫正。
23.答案　1 kg
解析　汽油的热值为4.6×107 J/kg,它的物理含义是完全燃烧1 kg的汽油放出的热量为4.6×107 J。
24.答案　500
解析　W=Pt=25 W×20 s=500 J。
25.答案　回声
解析　回声与原声的时间间隔小于0.1 s时,回声与原声就会叠加,从而使原声加强。
26.答案　3.87×104
解析　F浮=ρ空gV排 =1.29 kg/m3×10 N/kg×3 000 m3 =3.87×104 N。
27.答案　220
解析　根据杠杆平衡原理可得:G×AO=(G配+F)×OB,即200 N×3=(80 N+F)×2,所以F=220 N。
28.答案　38.5
解析　体温计读数时要注意分度值是0.1 ℃。
29.答案　20
解析　电阻箱示数为(1 000×0+100×0+10×2+1×0)Ω=20 Ω。
30.答案　(1)水平　161　(2)50　(3)1.1×103
解析　(1)天平、量筒使用时应放在水平台面上;烧杯及杯内液体的总质量为:m总=100 g+50 g+10 g+1 g=161 g。(2)量筒中液体的体积为50 mL=50 cm3。(3)ρ===1.1 g/cm3=1.1×103 kg/m3。
31.答案　(1)将滑动变阻器的A、B接线柱连入了电路
(2)0.3　0.75
解析　(1)闭合开关,发现小灯泡L发光暗淡,说明小灯泡的实际功率很小,电路中电流很小;观察电压表、电流表均有示数,说明电路没有短路或断路的情况;移动滑动变阻器的滑片P,电压表、电流表示数均不变,说明滑动变阻器没有正确接入电路,只是相当于接入了一个电阻,所以出现这种现象的原因是:将滑动变阻器的A、B接线柱连入了电路;(2)由图乙可知,此时通过小灯泡L的电流为0.3 A;小灯泡L的额定功率为P=UI=2.5 V×0.3 A=0.75 W。
32.答案　(1)A　(2)D　(3)B
解析　(1)凸透镜的焦距f=10 cm,由题图可知,蜡烛在2倍焦距以外,所以所成的像为倒立缩小的实像,所以是照相机的原理,故选A;(2)凸透镜在1倍焦距以外的调节规律为“物近像远大,物远像近小”,为使光屏上成更大的清晰的像,根据凸透镜成像调节规律,应该将蜡烛右移,光屏右移,所以应选D;(3)由题意可知,物距为30 cm,大于2倍焦距,根据凸透镜成像规律可知在光屏上成倒立缩小的实像,故选B。
33.答案　EF
解析　由题中表格可知,电压表接A、B时电压为3 V,说明电源良好且电源电压为3 V,接A、E时电压为3 V,说明BCDE段电路没问题,接A、F时电压为0 V,说明EF段断路。
34.答案　(1)B　(2)B　(3)20
解析　(1)根据图像可知,保温杯的保温效果通过水冷却的时间来探究,故应选B;(2)由图像可知,从开始到第6小时之间,任何时刻乙保温杯内水的温度均高于甲保温杯内水的温度,所以乙保温杯的保温效果更好;(3)从第4小时开始,甲保温杯内水的温度不再降低,说明甲保温杯内水的温度和室温相同,为20 ℃。
35.答案　
解析　根据图甲、乙,蜡块漂浮,其重力等于浮力,等于排开水的重力,可知蜡块的质量等于其排开水的质量,即m=m排=ρ水(V1-V0);由图丙、丁知,蜡块的体积V=V2-V3;蜡块的密度ρ蜡==。
评析　该题是用特殊方法测密度的题目,属于难度较大的题目,解题关键是利用浮力的知识间接得出蜡块的质量和体积。
36.答案　8 V-5 ·I
解析　此题属于根据实验数据找规律,从数据中可以看出,电流I每增大0.2 A,电压就减小1 V,所以可得出U与I的关系式为U=8 V-5 ·I。
评析　该题是根据数据找规律类问题,属中等难度题,不过由于考查的是与数学结合比较紧密的函数思想,也是容易失分之处,要引起注意。
37.答案　(1)两次实验中没有控制通电时间相同
(2)在步骤③中,通电时间为2 min时,停止计时,同时记录温度计示数
解析　由焦耳定律内容可知,电流通过导体产生的热量与导体的电阻、通过导体的电流、通电时间有关,故在探究时注意控制变量法的应用。探究电阻如何影响产生的热量时,应该控制通电时间和通过的电流相同,题中只控制了电流相同,没有控制通电时间相同,应该控制通过的电流、通电时间相同来观察温度计示数的变化,从而得出结论。
评析　该题是电学的焦耳热实验,解决此类问题的关键是掌握控制变量的思想,此题相对还是比较容易的。
38.答案　用刻度尺测量图甲中双圆锥体轴心到水平桌面的高度h1,用刻度尺测量图乙中双圆锥体轴心到水平桌面的高度h2。

如果h1>h2,则小乐的观点正确;如果h1

39.答案　用大烧杯取适量开水,把盛有少量固态碘的碘升华管放入烧杯内的开水中,观察碘升华管内是否有紫色的碘蒸气出现。
因为在常压下水的沸点不超过100 ℃,低于碘的熔点113.60 ℃,碘是晶体,当温度低于熔点时,碘不会熔化,若有紫色的碘蒸气出现,一定是因为碘从固态直接变成了气态。
40.答案　(1)实验步骤:
①用调好的弹簧测力计分别测出一个钩码、一个动滑轮所受的重力,分别用G、G动表示。如图所示组装实验器材,用弹簧测力计竖直向上匀速拉绳子自由端,绳子自由端所受拉力用F表示,绳子自由端移动的距离用s表示,钩码上升的高度用h表示。用弹簧测力计测出F,用刻度尺分别测出s、h。并把测量数据记录在表格中。
②用弹簧测力计测出另一动滑轮所受重力G动,保证所挂钩码不变,仿照步骤①分别测量对应的F、s、h。并把测量数据记录在表格中。
③利用公式η==,计算两次实验动滑轮的机械效率η,并将η值记录在表格中。
(2)实验数据记录表:
解析　要证明动滑轮的机械效率与动滑轮的重力有关,需要控制所提升物体重力相同,上升的高度相同,改变动滑轮的重力,然后计算出每一次的机械效率的大小,进行比较得出实验结论。
评析　该题是探究实验,证明机械效率与动滑轮的重力有关。此题充分体现了物理改革的初衷——回归物理本质。
41.答案　(1)BCD
(2)脚印的深浅与人的体重有关吗?
解析　(1)一般而言,可以探究的科学问题描述的是两个或多个变量之间的关系,其中的变量必须是可检验的,也就是说,可以探究的科学问题中的因变量和自变量都是可以观察或测量的,故“哪种类型的音乐更好?”“应该鼓励市民乘坐公共交通工具出行吗?”这两个问题不属于可以探究的科学问题,故选B、C、D。(2)“两个同学走在沙滩上,一个同学的脚印深,另一个同学的脚印浅”这一现象说明两个同学的体重不同,可能引起脚印的深浅程度不同,故可以提出:脚印的深浅与人的体重有关吗?(与此相类似的也可以)
评析　本题是一道综合探究类试题,以探究性学习和实践活动为背景,要求学生综合运用所学知识和方法,对一些社会热点与生活焦点进行探索和研究,解答此类题要学会过滤信息、提取关键点:“可以探究的科学问题中的因变量和自变量都是可以观察或测量的”,通过这一信息本题就转化为简单的问题了。
42.答案　(1)声(或电)　电(或声)
(2)几千米的深海处,海水对“蛟龙”号的压强远大于几百米处海水对潜艇的压强,“蛟龙”号难以采用潜艇的排水方法
解析　(1)由材料可知:换能器一般用压电陶瓷材料制成,可将发射机产生的电信号转换为声信号,也可以将接收机接收的声信号转换为电信号。所以,换能器可实现电信号与声信号的相互转换。(2)见答案。
43.答案　见解析
解析　方法1:
因为要求估算,可做以下两个近似:
其一,荷载、载人、注水、压载铁等质量相对“蛟龙”号自重较小,可不计,“蛟龙”号质量可取22吨。
其二,海水密度随海水温度、盐度和深度等因素变化时,数值差别不大,为方便计算,海水密度ρ可取1 000 kg/m3。
设“蛟龙”号体积为V
根据“蛟龙”号可在深海下悬停,G=F浮=ρgV
V=====22 m3
方法2:
设“蛟龙”号体积为V
浸没在海面处所受浮力F海面=ρ海面gV
浸没在7 000 m深海处所受浮力F深海=ρ深海gV
依据文中潜航员的描述,两处所受浮力变化:F深海-F海面=800公斤力=8 000 N
F深海-F海面=ρ深海gV-ρ海面gV
V=
=≈21 m3
44.答案　(1)5 Ω　(2)7.2 W
解析　(1)当a、b两端电压为6 V时
通过电阻R1的电流I1===0.3 A
干路电流I=1.5 A
通过电阻R2的电流I2=I-I1=1.5 A-0.3 A=1.2 A
R2===5 Ω
(2)电阻R2的额定电功率P=UI2=6 V×1.2 A=7.2 W
45.答案　(1)80 W　(2)720 N　(3)80 N
解析　(1)绳端的速度v绳=2vA=2×0.1 m/s=0.2 m/s
拉力F做功的功率P=Fv绳=400 N×0.2 m/s=80 W
(2)滑轮组的机械效率η==
90%=
GA=720 N
(3)将物体与动滑轮作为研究对象,其受力情况如图所示
GA+G动=2F\\’
F\\’=F
720 N+G动=2×400 N
G动=80 N
评析　本题综合考查了滑轮组、功及机械效率等问题,对于第(2)问正确运用公式变形是解答的关键,本题属于力学综合压轴题。

2016年考研英语一试卷难度分析

2016年考研初试已经结束，人民大学在职研究生老师第一时间拿到真题并做了详细解析后，认为今年英语一总体难度较往年略有下降。下面，对英语一题目难度进行相关分析。首先是小作文，英语一继2010年，英语二去年考了通知之后，今年英语一又考到了通知，题目要求：你是图书馆管理员，给新入学的留学生写一个通知，告知他们图书馆的相关信息。通知是一直强调的应用文之一，所以想必学生在完成这个作文题目时并不难。首先注意格式，Notice标题居中，然后右上角是时间，右下角是发通知的部门，内容一段和三段均可。在格式正确，完成题目要求的基础上，请同学们主义逻辑清晰，并注意词汇多样化，语法正确。然后是大作文，今年考到的主题是榜样的力量。这个主题其实也和父母教育子女有关。英语一在继2003年温室花朵经不起风吹日晒，2005年养老足球赛，及2014年相携后，今年再次考到与父母教育子女有关。所以这次大作文给我们的启示是，真题为王，作文尤其如此。并不是考过的就不考了，考过的才需要更加重视，因此，英语也是可以复习好的。再次，大家最关心的就是阅读A和阅读B部分，占了整张试卷的50分。今年的阅读理解文章难度总体不大，以社会类为主，较往年政治经济类话题，同学们读起来相对轻松，如今年的第一篇文章选自2015年4月5日的科学箴言报，题目为A Challenge to the fashion industry’s body ideals,对于时尚业理想身材的挑战，针对法国颁发了一项禁止模特过瘦的条款进行评论。第四篇文章选自2015年3月26日，大西洋报，题目为One way to phase out newspaper的文章，主要针对纽约时报应该逐步淘汰纸质媒体，用网络媒体代替的话题进行评论。虽然文章对多数同学们读起来不是非常吃力，但是文章语言较往年来说较简单，但是选项定位不太好找，答案选择也还是需要同学认真做题，好好斟酌一番，这也体现了考研英语阅读理解中理解的难度，并需要同学们熟练掌握题型分类，及解题方法。另外，今年的新题型也继2007年之后考到了标题题，也属于新题型三种备选题型中较简单的题型，有三道题都用到了复现原则，所以对于多数同学来说，难度并不是非常大。最后，今年的翻译及完型填空总体难度不大。翻译是一篇关于心理健康的文章，完型是在柬埔寨，伴侣的选择对于年轻男性来说是一个复杂的问题。应试属于社会类。

2020考研英语一真题+答案全解析（终极完整版）

文都教育为大家带来了2020考研英语真题。大家或许会以2020考研英语真题作文直观的对自己发挥做判断！小编建议大家不要这样做。下面，我们来看一下2020考研英语真题。Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C], or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast.a cold winter’s day, few culinary pleasures canit. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That thisshould be rendered yet another quality pleasureto damage our health.
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) hasa public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cookedhigh temperatures. This means that people shouldcrisping their roast potatoes, reject thin—crust pizzas and onlytoast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no evidence that it causes cancer in humans.
Scientists say the compound isto cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is to follow the FSA advice. , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a .
Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods , but reduce their lifetime intake. However its risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just with one listening.
1. [A] In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till 答案：C
2. [A] match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence 答案：A
3. [A] patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern 答案：B
4 .[A] intensified [B] privileged [C] compelled [D] guaranteed 答案：A
5. [A] issued [B] received [C] compelled [D] guaranteed 答案：A
6. [A] under [B] at [C] for [D] by 答案：B
7. [A] forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid 答案：D
8. [A] partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D] initially 答案：C
9. [A] Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While 答案：D
10. [A] secondary [B] external [C] conclusive [D] negative 答案：C
11. [A] insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slow 答案：B
12. [A] On the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to 答案：C
13. [A] interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate 答案：B
14. [A] As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all 答案：D
15. [A] resemblance [B] combination [C] connection [D] pattern 答案：C
16. [A] made [B] served [C] saved [D] used 答案：B
17. [A] To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] In general 答案：A
18. [A] reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully 答案：B
19. [A] promise [B] experience [C] campaign [D] competition 答案：A
20. [A] follow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up . 答案：DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain’ town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.
Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?
It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community. groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.
A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.
21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture” award could___D____
[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.
[B] promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.
[C] increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.
[D] focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as
[A] a sensible compromise.
[B] a self-deceiving attempt.
[C] an eye-catching bonus.
[D] an inaccessible target.
23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it
[A] endeavours to maintain its image.
[B] meets the aspirations of its people.
[C] brings its local arts to prominence.
[D] commits to its long-term growth.
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
[A] a contrasting case.
(B] a supporting example.
[C] a background story.
[D] a related topic.
25. What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
[A] Skeptical.
[B] Objective.
[C] Favourable.
[D] Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs\\” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because
[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have
[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[B] gone through an existential crisis.
[C] revived the publishing industry.
[D] financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
[A] Relieved.
[B] Puzzled.
[C] Concerned.
[D] Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms.
[A] allow publishers some room to make money.
[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially
[D] free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered.
[B] Labour triumphs over status.
[C] Costs are well controlled.
[D]The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.
31. The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will___A____
[A] help little to reduce gender bias.
[B] pose a threat to the state government.
[C] raise women’s position in politics.
[D] greatly broaden career options.
32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?
[A] It has irritated private business owners.
[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
[C]It may go against the Constitution.
[D] It will settle the prior controversies.
33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate___D____
[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.
[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[D] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to__C____
[A] the underestimation of elite women’s role.
[B] the objection to female participation on bards.
[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.
35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
IAI Women’s need in employment should be considered
[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data. and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,\\” meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon — in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain\\’s DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia\\’s MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India\\’s SEP (significant economic presence) test, to. name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization\\’s work, but France\\’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France\\’s planned tax is a clear waning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system. other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to___C____
[A] regulate digital services platforms.
[B] protect French companies\\’ interests.
[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[D] curb the influence of advertising.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax__A_____
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.
[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that___B____
[A] redistribution of tech giants\\’ revenue must be ensured.
[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading
[C] tech multinationals\\’ monopoly should be prevented.
[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECO\\’s current work__C_____
[A] is being resisted by US companies.
[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[D] needs to involve more countries.
40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions
[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax
[C]France Says \\”NO\\” to Tech Multinationals
[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Eye fixations are brief
[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude
[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41._______________________
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
42._______________________
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43._______________________
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you\\’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you\\’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
44._______________________
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45._______________________
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41. C Eye contact can be a friendly social signalE
42. E Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
43. G Eye contact can also be aggressive
44. A Eye fixactions are brief
45. D Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contactPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46)
During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47)Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.
(48) It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
The Church’s long standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of 17th century. (49)
The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) , after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
【参考译文】
46. 随着教会的教义和思维方式在文艺复兴时期黯然失色，中世纪与现代之间的鸿沟得以弥合，从而出现了新的及尚未开发的知识领域。
47. 在每个真理揭示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用了更古老的思维方式，仍旧沿用以前的思维模式，其中包括认为地球是宇宙中心的地球中心说。
48. 尽管教会试图镇压这一代逻辑学家和理性主义者，但人们对宇宙如何运转的解释却越来越多，并且以一种不容忽视的速度在增加。
49. 当许多人承担起将理性科学的哲学融入世界的责任时，文艺复兴时代已经结束，并且开启了一个新的时代。
50. 此类寻求知识和了解已知信息的行为被拉丁语概括为：“sapere aude”即“敢于求知”。Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:The student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. Write a notice in about 100 words.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do notuse your own name in the notice. (10 points)
【参考范文】
Notice
Dec. 21, 2019
In order to enrich the campus life and provide the colorful life for you, the Students’ Union is preparing the upcoming singing contest, which will be held in the auditorium in our university on the evening of December 31, 2019. Now, the Union is recruiting contestants for this competition.
Anyone who are fond of signing or interested in the competition, please send his or her application to students’ union @sohu.com before next Wednesday. Besides, there are generous awards in gratitude for this activity. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries concerning the singing contest. Meanwhile, volunteers for this activity are badly needed to assist us in organizing the relevant affairs.
We are looking forward to your participation.
The Students’ Union
【参考译文翻译】
通知
2019年12月21日
为了丰富校园生活，为大家提供丰富多彩的生活，学生会正在筹备即将于2019年12月31日晚在我校大礼堂举行的歌唱比赛。现在，学生会正在为这次比赛招募选手。
有意报名或有意报名的同学请于下周三之前将报名表发送至学生会邮箱@sohu.com。此外，本次活动还设有丰厚的奖励。如果您对歌唱比赛有任何疑问，请随时与我们联系。同时，我们也非常需要这次活动的志愿者来协助我们组织相关的事务。
我们期待您的参与。
学生会Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
【参考范文】
Portrayed distinctively by the two cartoons above is an impressive scene: a girl in the left picture is doing homework and saying that early completion is better. Nevertheless, the boy in the right picture is sitting in front of the desk and saying that he will not finish the homework until the last minute.
Undoubtedly, the symbolic implication of the pictures is to show us that importance should be attached to the formation of good habits, especially the good habit of time management. On the one hand, efficient time management is critical to personal development. As the old saying goes, “Time is money,” and in the fast-paced modern life, it seems that we always have a lot of things to do and we are very busy. In the face of such a situation, we have to realize that efficiency holds the key to saving time and time management skills hold the key to personal success. On the other hand, good time management habits play a vital role in the development of the whole society. There is no doubt that, to a large extent, social progress is closely related to the efforts of each individual. If we can develop the good habit of time management, we are much more likely to improve efficiency and have a better performance in the learning and working process, which is an integral part of social advances and prosperity.
From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the sense of efficient time management skills is of equal importance in personal and social progress. Therefore, we ought to take advantage of the phenomenon to enlighten the public and the press is expected to take a lead in advertising the value of developing good time management habits. Only in this way can we have a bright future.
【参考范文翻译】
上面两幅漫画所描绘的是一个令人印象深刻的画面：左图中的一个女孩正在做作业，她说早完成比较好。然而，右图中的男孩正坐在书桌前，说他要到最后一分钟才会完成。
毫无疑问，这两幅图的象征意义是：我们应该重视好习惯的养成，尤其是时间管理方面的好习惯。一方面，高效的时间管理对个人发展至关重要。俗话说，“时间就是金钱”，在快节奏的现代生活中，我们似乎总是有很多事情要做，很忙。面对这种情况，我们必须认识到，效率是节省时间的关键，而且时间管理技能是个人成功的关键。另一方面，良好的时间管理习惯对整个社会的发展起着至关重要的作用。毋庸置疑，社会进步在很大程度上与每个人的努力密切相关。如果我们能养成良好的时间管理习惯，我们就更有可能提高效率，在学习和工作过程中有更好的表现，这是社会进步和繁荣发展不可分割的一部分。
综上所述，可得出如下结论：高效的时间管理对于个人和社会的进步同等重要。因此，我们应该利用这一现象来启发公众，而媒体应该带头宣传养成良好的时间管理习惯的价值。只有这样，我们才能拥有一个光明的未来。

关于2015年考研英语一真题(2015考研英语一真题答案解析)，的介绍到此结束，希望对大家有所帮助。

用户评论

何年何念

这篇文章分析得真细，我刚做完这次真题，感觉自己答的一点都不准 😭 这边跟着解析看看再练一遍就好了！

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北朽暖栀

终于找到2015年的真题解析了，想找个模拟实战的机会，这样能让我了解一下当年考法的难度和重点方向。谢谢分享链接，我赶紧去练习！

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暖瞳

我当时考试的时候没听明白这个词语的解析，导致把问题做错了！！现在看来还是有点后悔啊😥 希望2023年的考生们都能好好学习这次真题，不要犯同样的错误了

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伱德柔情是我的痛。

真是太有用啦！我准备考研英语就是从这篇文章开始学习的，感觉思路很清晰，把重点都罗列出来了，特别对阅读理解部分很有帮助！

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今非昔比'

这个解析真的太棒了! 将2015年真题解释得非常详细，每一个细节都能看明白。我觉得想要提高英语水平就需要多次复习这类型真题!

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葵雨

看完真题+解析后才发现我的弱点是哪几个方面！ 针对性的学习计划一下吧，希望明年考研能顺利过关！

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纯情小火鸡

说实在的这篇文章翻译得有点难理解，我英语水平有限，还是觉得需要其他更直观的讲解方式才能更好地掌握。

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滴在键盘上的泪

太赞了！2015年的真题解析真的很有帮助！让我了解到当年考研英语的难度和套路！ 现在我正在备考，希望能通过这次学习获得更大的进步!

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心亡则人忘

做完这套真题后觉得，阅读理解的部分还是需要多练习啊！ 希望明年考研能好好应对各种文体要求！

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花菲

2015年的英语一考试内容跟现在相比发生了很多变化吧？ 这篇文章对哪些知识点解释得比较简洁呢？

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坠入深海i

我觉得2015年的真题解析很有参考意义， 不过每个年份的考查标准都会有所差异，还需要学习更全面的资料才能提高英语水平！

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oО清风挽发oО

这篇文章分析得很不错啊！让我对当年考试内容有了更加清晰的认识！我打算将这些知识点作为备考计划的一部分!

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莫飞霜

这个解析帮助我找到了做2015年真题时遇到的那些难点，下次练习的时候应该会更流畅了！

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高冷低能儿

希望能看到更多的往年真题解析，这样对考研准备会有更大的帮助!

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゛指尖的阳光丶

分析得很扎实，很适合想要冲刺英语一考研的同学学习！尤其是阅读理解部分，确实需要多加练习才能提升分數！

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残留の笑颜

做完真题后我发现，词汇和语法也是很重要的一方面！ 我会针对性的进行巩固训练！

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